17 results
The development of thought problems: A longitudinal family risk study of offspring of bipolar, unipolar, and well parents
- Bonnie Klimes-Dougan, Christopher David Desjardins, Matthew G. James, Angela J. Narayan, Jeffrey D. Long, Kathryn R. Cullen, Philip W. Gold, Pedro E. Martinez
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 25 / Issue 4pt1 / November 2013
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- 08 November 2013, pp. 1079-1091
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There is growing evidence that many offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (BD) will develop moderate to severe forms of psychopathology during childhood and adolescence, including thought problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the developmental progression of thought problems within the context of a family risk study. Repeated assessments of thought problems, spanning approximately 15 years, were conducted in offspring (N = 192 from 98 families) of parents diagnosed with BD (O-BD), unipolar depression (O-UNI), or no significant psychiatric or medical problems (O-WELL). Survival analysis showed that the O-BD group had the greatest estimated probability of developing thought problems over time, followed by O-UNI, and then O-WELL and O-BD exhibiting higher levels of persistence than O-WELL. Parent-reported thought problems in childhood and adolescence predicted a range of problems in young adulthood. Disturbances in reality testing and other atypical behaviors are likely to disrupt progression through important developmental periods and to associate with poor outcomes. These findings are likely relevant to preventing the occurrence or progression of problems in offspring of bipolar parents. The study of thought problems across development represents an important area of continued research in children at risk for development of affective disorders.
Continuity and cascade in offspring of bipolar parents: A longitudinal study of externalizing, internalizing, and thought problems
- Bonnie Klimes-Dougan, Jeffrey D. Long, Chih-Yuan Steven Lee, Donna S. Ronsaville, Philip W. Gold, Pedro E. Martinez
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 22 / Issue 4 / November 2010
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- 01 October 2010, pp. 849-866
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There is growing evidence that many offspring of bipolar parents will develop moderate to severe forms of psychopathology during childhood and adolescence. The purpose of this study was to apply growth curve models to evaluate developmental progression with regard to continuity and cascades representative within the context of a family risk study of bipolar disorder (BD). Repeated assessments of externalizing, internalizing, and thought problems, spanning more than a decade, were examined in a total of 94 offspring of parents with BD (O-BD), major depressive disorder (O-UNI), or no significant psychiatric or medical problems (O-WELL). Continuity was defined by the growth curve of the O-WELL group who exhibited low levels of problems from early childhood through late adolescence. Discontinuity, as evidenced by greater complexity of growth curves relative to the O-WELL group, was exhibited in the at- risk offspring groups for internalizing problems. Different patterns of developmental cascades were supported for the at-risk group with O-UNI showing a robust cascade from self-regulatory deficits (externalizing problems) to internalizing problems. There was also support for a cascade from self-regulatory deficits to thought problems across the entire group (with some support that this pattern was accounted for primarily by O-BD). This study not only serves to advance our understanding of the risks associated with a family history of BD, but also provides a novel approach to examining developmental cascades.
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. 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Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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Introduction
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- Proof and Other Dilemmas
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Summary
Section 1 of this introduction explains the rationale for this book. Section 2 discusses what we chose not to include, and why. Sections 3 and 4 contain a brief summary of historical background leading to contemporary perspectives in the philosophy of mathematics. Section 3 traces the history of the philosophy of mathematics through Kant, and Section 4 consists of an overview of the foundational schools. Section 5 is an annotated bibliography of sources for interesting recent work by some influential scholars who did not write chapters for this book. And finally, section 6 consists of very brief overviews of the chapters in this book.
The Purpose of This Book
This book provides a sampler of current topics in the philosophy of mathematics. It contains original articles by leading mathematicians, mathematics educators, and philosophers of mathematics written with a mathematical audience in mind. The chapters by philosophers have been edited carefully to minimize philosophical jargon, and summarize many years of work on these topics. They should thus provide a much gentler introduction to what philosophers have been discussing over the last 30 years than will be found in a typical book written by them for other philosophers. We have also included a glossary of the more common philosophical terms (such as epistemology, ontology, etc.). The chapters by mathematicians and mathematics educators raise and discuss questions not currently being considered by philosophers.
III - The Nature of Mathematical Objects and Mathematical Knowledge
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In the last forty years, philosophers of mathematics who are not working strictly in foundations have concentrated on questions about the nature of mathematical objects and how we come to have mathematical knowledge. Because this work has resulted in hundreds of papers and dozens of books, we have four chapters summarizing it. They were written by philosophers with very different perspectives. While there is a common set of questions running through these chapters, each has chosen different aspects in his summary, because of the difference of perspective. Of the philosophers whose chapters are in this section, Chihara has spent his career working on various versions of nominalism, the view that there are no mathematical objects. Shapiro has leaned toward the realist side, currently in a version called structuralism, which has origins in Bourbaki's mother-structures and the view of mathematics as the science of patterns. Balaguer has most recently suggested that there may be no testable distinction between the most appealing versions of platonism (or realism) and nominalism. Linnebo, the youngest of the authors in this section, appears to be working on developing a very minimal version of platonism (that is, a commitment to mathematical objects that involves a minimal “ontological” commitment). Each of these chapters sets forth the general argument overall and then gives the individual author's perspective on where the delicate points are. We end the section with a chapter by a mathematician, offering a very different approach to the question of mathematical objects via category theory.
Contents
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Acknowledgments
- Edited by Bonnie Gold, Monmouth University, Roger A. Simons, Rhode Island College
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IV - The Nature of Mathematics and its Applications
- Edited by Bonnie Gold, Monmouth University, Roger A. Simons, Rhode Island College
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In this final section we consider general questions about the nature of mathematics and about its applicability to the world. The question “What is mathematics?” can be looked at in a number of ways: what the objects of mathematics are, what topics do mathematicians study, what kinds of methods mathematics uses, whether mathematics belongs with the humanities or the sciences, and so on. Robert Thomas proposes an answer to the question by considering mathematics in relationship to the spectrum of the sciences. Guershon Harel proposes an answer from the viewpoint of a researcher in mathematics education. Keith Devlin discusses how the answers to this question have changed over time, and in what direction he sees the answer likely to change over this current century.
Mathematics appears to be abstract and independent of the physical world. Given this, the question of why it turns out to be so useful in scientific investigation of that physical world has been a topic of discussion for many years. The discussion has been carried on more by physicists (who are making use of that mathematics) and by philosophers, than by mathematicians. Mark Steiner, in his chapter, shows that some of the discussion has simply been due to philosophers and physicists meaning different things by the question. However, he also gives an extended example to suggest that there is still a mystery to be investigated. Alan Hájek looks at a particular topic, probability, which has had many interactions with problems external to mathematics throughout its development. He also discusses some of the philosophical confusions that are still being sorted out in this field.
Frontmatter
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Proof and Other Dilemmas
- Mathematics and Philosophy
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Has the advent of computers changed the nature of mathematical knowledge? Should it? Is the importance of proof decreasing? Is there an empirical aspect to mathematics after all? To what extent is mathematics socially constructed? Is mathematics the "science of patterns?" Recently emerging questions like these are discussed in this book along with some recent thinking about classical questions. This book of 16 essays, all written specifically for this volume, is the first to explore this range of new developments in a language accessible to mathematicians. Approximately half the essays were written by mathematicians, and consider questions that philosophers are not yet discussing. The other half, written by philosophers of mathematics, summarize the discussion in that community during the last 35 years. In each case, a connection is made (in the article itself, or in its introduction) to issues relevant to the teaching of mathematics.
Glossary of Common Philosophical Terms
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I - Proof and How it is Changing
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Proof has been an essential part of mathematics since the time of the ancient Greeks. Its centrality has engendered much controversy. What is the role of proof in mathematics? What makes for an adequate proof?
The recent use of computers in developing mathematical conjectures, and in checking cases when there are too many for humans to check in a reasonable amount of time, has led to questions about the role and importance of proof in mathematics, as well as what qualifies as a proof. The chapters in this section give three different views of these and other issues regarding relationships among proof, mathematics, and computers.
II - Social Constructivist Views of Mathematics
- Edited by Bonnie Gold, Monmouth University, Roger A. Simons, Rhode Island College
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- Proof and Other Dilemmas
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- 03 January 2008, pp 79-80
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Summary
Two completely new philosophies of mathematics have been developed since 1950: structuralism and social constructivism. Structuralism is the view that mathematics is the science of structures, or patterns. That view is discussed in several of the chapters in section 3. Social constructivism has been developed primarily by mathematicians, although one can trace its origins to some discussion by philosophers such as Lakatos. Social constructivism is the view that mathematics is constructed by the community of mathematicians. In one sense, this is so obviously true that there is no need to discuss it further. Certainly, human knowledge of mathematics is developed by the community of mathematicians. However, as we discover mathematical facts, it feels to most of us as if there is an objective reality out there, within which these facts are either true or false. It certainly does not seem that the bunch of us can just one day decide, “the Riemann hypothesis is true,” and it will be so. On the other hand, when a new mathematical concept is introduced and developed, things are less clear. Is there some external “natural” concept that we're grasping for? Or are we just making it up, albeit with some restrictions related to the questions we are developing it to investigate? The less extreme versions of social constructivism, represented in this volume, suggest that, once the community has developed a mathematical concept, the facts about this concept are indeed objective. However, there are philosophical issues with this viewpoint, and these are also discussed in this section.
About the Editors
- Edited by Bonnie Gold, Monmouth University, Roger A. Simons, Rhode Island College
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- Book:
- Proof and Other Dilemmas
- Published by:
- Mathematical Association of America
- Published online:
- 05 November 2011
- Print publication:
- 03 January 2008, pp 345-346
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A prospective high-risk study of the association among maternal negativity, apparent frontal lobe dysfunction, and the development of bipolar disorder
- STEPHANIE E. MEYER, GABRIELLE A. CARLSON, EDYTHE A. WIGGS, DONNA S. RONSAVILLE, PEDRO E. MARTINEZ, BONNIE KLIMES-DOUGAN, PHILIP W. GOLD, MARIAN RADKE-YARROW
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 18 / Issue 2 / June 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 March 2006, pp. 573-589
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In a previous paper, the authors found that impairment on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in adolescence was predictive of bipolar disorder in young adulthood among offspring of mothers with bipolar illness. In the present study, the authors explore the contribution of maternal characteristics, beyond maternal mood disorder, to the prediction of offspring dysfunction on the WCST. Results showed that maternal bipolar disorder and maternal negativity were both predictive of impaired performance on the WCST during adolescence. The contribution of maternal negativity to offspring WCST impairment was not better explained by maternal personality disorder, mother's functional impairment, family loading for bipolar disorder, or offspring disruptive behavioral disturbance. Findings did not support a moderator model. However, support was found for a mediation model in which maternal negativity contributed to risk for offspring bipolar disorder through its negative association with apparent frontal lobe functioning, as measured by the WCST. Findings are discussed from the perspective of a vulnerability–stress model. In addition, the authors consider the possibility that maternal negativity and offspring impairment on the WCST may be reflective of a common heritable trait.
The findings presented in this paper come from the doctoral dissertation of the first author, which was funded by an NIMH Intramural Research Training Award. The authors are enormously grateful to Anne Mayfield, without whom this project would not have been possible. We are deeply indebted to Ann S. Masten, W. Andrew Collins, L. Alan Sroufe, Monica Luciana, and Carrie Borchardt, who provided support and guidance throughout all stages of this project. We are also thankful to Robert Asarnow for his advice and encouragement, and to Roger E. Meyer and Daniel N. Klein for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. In addition, we acknowledge the contributions of Gail Inoff-Germain, who administered diagnostic interviews and neuropsychological measures at adolescent follow-up; Rula B. Garside, who undertook the painstaking job of establishing interrater reliability; Erika Sundstrom, who devoted many hours to data organization and quality assurance; and Sara Avery Torvik and Patricia Kasdan, whose combined gifts of organization and warmth created a comfortable atmosphere for study participants. Finally, we thank the extraordinary research participants of the NIMH Childrearing Study, who have shown enormous bravery and dedication by sharing with us 23 years of their lives.
26 - Alternatives to the One-Size-Fits-All Precalculus/College Algebra Course
- from Theme 5 - Implementation
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- By Bonnie Gold, Monmouth University
- Edited by Nancy Baxter Hastings, Dickinson College
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- Book:
- A Fresh Start for Collegiate Mathematics
- Published by:
- Mathematical Association of America
- Published online:
- 05 January 2012
- Print publication:
- 01 January 2006, pp 249-254
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Summary
Introduction
How do we want our future legislators, our future news reporters, our country's future parents to feel about mathematics? Do we want them to believe it is a collection of rituals, requiring special skills only achievable by a few and of no practical value? Or would we prefer that they see mathematics as a way of describing many aspects of the world, central to many issues that will affect their lives, and a subject in which they can achieve whatever level of proficiency they need?
If the last mathematics course students take is a traditional college algebra or precalculus course, the vast majority of the students leave feeling defeated in their ability to do mathematics and mystified as to the use or value of the subject. As someone at the conference, Rethinking the Preparation for Calculus, said, “There's something very wrong if the last course a student takes in a subject is named ‘pre’ anything.” And yet, there is a wealth of mathematics, accessible to students at this level, that is being applied to a wide range of contemporary issues.
Can one size fit all?
A cornerstone of the American democracy is that all children should be given equal opportunity. Unlike many countries that start directing children to different academic tracks by age 12 or earlier, American education treats all children as potential national leaders. We try to give them a mathematical background that allows them to become top scientists. As a result, the standard school mathematics track leads to calculus.
A prospective study of the association among impaired executive functioning, childhood attentional problems, and the development of bipolar disorder
- STEPHANIE E. MEYER, GABRIELLE A. CARLSON, EDYTHE A. WIGGS, PEDRO E. MARTINEZ, DONNA S. RONSAVILLE, BONNIE KLIMES–DOUGAN, PHILIP W. GOLD, MARIAN RADKE–YARROW
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- Journal:
- Development and Psychopathology / Volume 16 / Issue 2 / June 2004
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 June 2004, pp. 461-476
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Studies of adults who have been diagnosed with, and treated for, bipolar disorder have shown that these patients exhibit impairment on measures of executive functioning. However, it is unclear whether executive dysfunction precedes the diagnosis of bipolar illness, or develops subsequent to its onset. Moreover, investigators have failed to control for the effects of premorbid attentional problems on cognitive performance in these patients. The present authors explored these questions using data from a longitudinal prospective study of individuals at risk for major mood disorder. Results revealed that 67% of participants who met criteria for bipolar disorder in young adulthood showed impairment on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) when they were assessed during adolescence, as compared with 17% of individuals with no major mood diagnosis, and 19% with unipolar depression. This association between performance on the WCST and bipolar illness was not accounted for by high rates of premorbid attentional disturbance. In fact, among participants with early attentional problems, only those who ultimately developed bipolar disorder exhibited impairment on the WCST. Early attentional problems that preceded unipolar depression or no mood disorder were not associated with executive dysfunction.
The findings presented in this paper come from the doctoral dissertation of the first author, which was funded by an NIMH Intramural Research Training Award. The authors are enormously grateful to Roger E. Meyer for his comments on earlier drafts of this paper and to Anne Mayfield, without whom this project would not have been possible. We are deeply indebted to Ann S. Masten, W. Andrew Collins, L. Alan Sroufe, Monica Luciana, and Carrie Borchardt, who provided invaluable guidance throughout all stages of this project, as well as Robert Asarnow, who was an important mentor during the review process. In addition, we acknowledge the contributions of Gail Inoff–Germain, who administered diagnostic interviews and neuropsychological measures at adolescent follow-up; Rula B. Garside, who undertook the painstaking job of establishing interrater reliability; Erika Sundstrom, who devoted many hours to data organization and quality assurance; and Sara Avery Torvik and Patricia Kasdan, whose combined gifts of organization and warmth created a comfortable atmosphere for study participants. Finally, we thank the extraordinary research participants of the NIMH Childrearing Study, who have shown enormous bravery and dedication by sharing with us 23 years of their lives.